The main purpose of the present study was to investigate psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale (PSRS, Schlotz, Yim, Zoccola, Jansen& Schulz, 2011) among Iranian university students.324 university students (130 male, 194 female) completed the PSRS and the Emotional Adjustment Measure (EAM, Rubio, Aguado, Hontangas & Hernandez, 2007). The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the PSRS's factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the PSRS, we computed correlations between different dimensions of PSRS with emotional adjustment. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that 5-factor structure of the PSRS consisted reactivity to work overload, reactivity to social conflicts, reactivity to social stress, reactivity to failure and prolonged reactivity had good fit to data in the Iranian sample. Correlational analyses between different dimensions of PSRS with emotional adjustment provided initial evidence for the PSRS convergent validity. Cronbach’s α Coefficients ranged from 0/75 to 0/80 for six dimensions. In sum, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the PSRS as an instrument to measure of stress reactivity among Iranian university students.

Background & Aim: Preeclampsia is the major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) as a noninvasive procedure is used to assess hemodynamic changes in middle cerebral artery (MCA). Knowing the influence of normal pregnancy and preeclampsia on brain hemodynamics is essential for proper management of anesthesia, labor and vasoactive drug usage in these patients. The aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare vasomotor reactivity in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.Patients and Method: In this case-control study, transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to measure peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), mean flow velocity (MV), and pulsatility index (PI) in the middle cerebral artery(MCA) of 16 preeclamptic and 15 normotensive pregnant women in the third trimester. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) was measured as percentage of changes in peak flow velocity after inhaling 5% co2 for 1-2 minutes. Statistical analysis was done using independent t-test and Fisher Exact test. Results: There was no significant difference in terms of maternal age, gestational age and gravidity between the two groups. Preeclamptic women had higher baseline peak (113.3 compared with 76.31 cm/s, P<0.001), end diastolic (59.1 compared with 38.4cm/s, P<0.001) and mean velocity (73.8 compared with 46.1 cm/s, P<0.001). In comparison to normotensive group, preeclamptic women showed a significant decrease in vasomotor reactivity (4.41% compared with 8.51%, P<0.001).Conclusion: Preeclamptic patients had elevated baseline peak, end-diastolic and mean velocity in the MCAs and decreased VMR in reaction to 5% co2 inhalation. These findings are consistent with a state of vasoconstriction in preeclamptic women which is unresponsive to stimuli that under normal circumstances result in vasodilation. Cerebral edema, hemorrhage, ischemia, and convulsion are all considered as complications developing in preeclampsia or eclampsia. The precise etiology of these complications is unknown but they might be seen due to vascular disturbance. Under normal circumstances, autoregulation maintains the blood flow of the brain subject to a wide range of changes in systemic blood pressure. It seems that autoregulation malfunctions in preeclampsia. Abnormal response given to cerebral perfusion pressure by cerebral vessels might have a role in pathophysiology of cerebral dysfunction which is seen in preeclampsia.

Background: Emotional reactivity is a key construct for understanding psychopathology. Examining the psychometric properties of the instruments in societies with different cultures can help with their external validity. Objectives: The current study aimed at standardization and validation of the Perth emotional reactivity scale (PERS) in Iranian university students. Methods: The Persian version of the PERS was produced through forward translation, reconciliation, and back-translation. A total of 302 (169 males and 133 females) nonclinical students were selected by convenience sampling method, and completed a set of questionnaires, including the PERS, weight efficacy lifestyle questionnaire-short form (WEL-SF), eating attitude test-16 (EAT-16), selfesteem scale (SES), difficulties in emotion regulation scale-16 (DERS-16), and self-compassion scale (SCS) short-form. The construct validity of the PERS was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and divergent and convergent validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability (a 2-weeks interval) were used to evaluate the reliability. Data analysis was performed using LISREL (version 8. 8) and SSPS (version 22) software. Results: All PERS scales and subscales were found with good internal consistency and test-retest reliability in a nonclinical population. The convergent validity and divergent validity were also found good. The results of this study provides the support for the applicability of the six-factor (RMSEA = 0. 06, NFI = 0. 94, NNFI = 0. 96, and CFI = 0. 97) and two-factor (RMSEA = 0. 07, NFI = 0. 94, NNFI = 0. 96, and CFI = 0. 96) models of the PERS. Conclusions: The PERS showed good validity and reliability and can be useful in assessing emotional reactivity in the Iranian population. The PERS can be promising as a measure to use in emotional-based studies and clinical settings.

In the Persian Gulf region, conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution and the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog. The elevated concentrations of reactive hydrocarbons co-emitted with nitrogen oxides from Hydrocarbon Processing Industries (HPIs), highly centralized in this region lead to the substantial photochemical ozone formation. the South Pars Zone (SPZ) in Iran encompasses large gas plants and petrochemical complexes and elevated concentrations of ozone were recorded by air quality monitoring stations in the SPZ. The first step to dealing with ozone air pollution is to quantify Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emission and identify main emission sources. In this research, a reactivity-based VOCs emission inventory established to provide necessary input data for Air quality models and determine which compounds deserve relatively more attention in control strategy. To do this, first, a fully-speciated VOCs emission inventory was prepared. Then, VOCs were weighted by Maximum Incremental Reactivity scale. Results show that alkenes have the biggest role in mass emission (41%) and ozone creation (78%). Propylene, ethylene, isobutylene, and formaldehyde have the most important roles in ozone formation. In addition, the major sources of their emissions are the leakage of equipment in the olefin processes and polymer production plants. The contribution of VOCs in the emission inventory and reactivity-based emission inventory of the SPZ is pretty different from the inventory composition of typical urban areas and areas with gas production industries, but it has similarities with areas with petrochemical industries.

Background: Emotional reactivity is important in the development and maintenance of psychopathology, including Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI), Emotion Reactivity Scale (ERS) is a selfreport measure to assess this concept. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of ERS in Iranian adolescents. We also compared the emotional reactivity in adolescents with and without NSSI. Materials and Methods: The study samples consisted of 646 high school students with the Mean± SD age of 16. 55± 0. 71 years. The data were gathered using ERS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), and Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM). The collected data were analyzed using factor analysis, Pearson’ s correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance. Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient was also calculated as a measure of internal consistency. Results: The 21-item ERS demonstrated strong internal consistency (α =0. 92), and factor analysis supported the single factor structure of ERS. With regard to convergent validity, the ERS indicated positive correlations of medium to large magnitudes with the measures of depression, anxiety, and stress, ranging from 0. 45 to 0. 62. The study participants with a history of NSSI reported significantly higher emotion reactivity, compared to those without such condition. Conclusion: This investigation suggested that the Persian version of ERS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring emotional reactivity in nonclinical Iranian adolescents.

The South Pars zone in Iran encompasses the largest gas refineries and petrochemical complexes in the world. In the South Pars zone, elevated concentrations of reactive hydrocarbons co-emitted with nitrogen oxides from industrial facilities lead to substantial ozone production downwind. To understand the role of these emissions on the ozone formation and, to formulate appropriate control strategies in this zone, emissions of precursors of ozone were quantified, and compounds that deserve relatively more attention were determined. To do this, first, a fully-speciated ozone precursors emission inventory was prepared to provide necessary input data for air quality simulation models. Then, the emission inventory was weighted by emitted mass and incremental reactivity scales to determine which compounds deserve relatively more detailed representation in the modeling. Afterward, a photochemical model was applied to determine the ozone sensitivity to its precursors. Finally, source apportionment was done for the most important compounds. Additionally, the reactivity-based inventory was compared with other regions. Results show that nitrogen oxides-sensitive chemistry is dominant in the zone thus the most effective control strategy is the mitigation of the nitrogen oxides emissions. Gas refinery plants have a larger share than petrochemical plants in the nitrogen oxides emission and, the gas turbines are the main sources of nitrogen oxides emission in this region. Emitted volatile organic compounds contain more highly reactive species in comparison with the ambient air composition of typical urban areas and areas with gas production industries. Propylene and ethylene have the most contribution to the ozone formation in comparison with other volatile organic compounds. The major sources of their emissions are the olefin processes and polymer production plants.

Introduction: Reactivity to stress is the basis of individual differences in mental, emotional, and physiological responses to stressful situations and is a valid indicator for current and future adverse health outcomes. Despite the importance of stress reactivity and its consequences, the conventional physiological calculation of reactivity is time-consuming, costly, and invasive. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale for Adolescent Athletes (PSRS-AA).Methods: The research method was a descriptive-correlational type. The statistical sample was made up of 290 athletes (130 girls and 160 boys) of different sports fields with an age range of 12 to 20 years who participated in the present study using the available sampling method. First, the correctness of the translation of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed using the back-translation method, and then confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency.Results: The results showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than 0.9. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for perceived stress reactivity scale for adolescent athletes and its dimensions were obtained above 0.7 (acceptable index value).Conclusion: Based on the results, based on the results, the Persian perceived stress reactivity scale for adolescent athletes has good and acceptable construct validity and internal reliability, and it can be used as a valid and reliable tool.